Hair Tissue Mineral Analysis and Metabolic Syndrome
Park SB, et al.
Biol Trace Elem Res (2009 Feb 17) [Epub ahead of print].
Deficiency of minerals causes functional abnormality of enzymes, frequently resulting in metabolic disturbance.
We investigated possible relationship between minerals and metabolic syndrome by analysis of hair tissue
minerals. We selected 848 subjects older than 20 years of age at Ajou University Hospital from May 2004 to
February 2007. We excluded the subjects who had cancers, steroid and thyroid medication, and incomplete
record from the study. Finally, 343 subjects were eligible. We performed cross-sectional analysis for the
relationship between minerals and metabolic syndrome. The contents of calcium, magnesium, and copper in the
metabolic syndrome group were significantly lower than those of the normal group, whereas the amounts of
sodium, potassium, and mercury in the metabolic syndrome group were significantly higher than those of the
normal group. By dividing the subjects into quartile with the level of calcium, magnesium, and mercury
concentrations, we carried out logistic regression analysis to study the subjects and found that the subjects in the
third quartile of calcium and magnesium concentrations had significantly lower odds ratio (OR) of the metabolic
syndrome compared with that of the lowest quartile group [OR = 0.30, confidence interval (CI) = 0.10-0.89;
OR = 0.189, CI = 0.063-0.566] and that the subjects in the highest mercury quartile had significantly higher OR
of the metabolic syndrome compared with that of the lowest mercury quartile group (OR = 7.35, CI = 1.73-
31.1). As part of the metabolic syndrome, the optimal calcium and magnesium concentrations in hair tissue may
reflect decreased risk of metabolic syndrome, whereas high mercury concentration in hair tissue may indicate
increased risk of metabolic syndrome.
Reversal of Physiological Deficits Caused by Diminished Levels of
Peptidylglycine Alpha-amidating Monooxygenase by Dietary Copper
Bousquet-Moore D, et al.
Endocrinology, 2009 Apr; 150(4):1739-47.
Amidated peptides are critically involved in many physiological functions. Genetic deletion of peptidylglycine
alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), the only enzyme that can synthesize these peptides, is embryonically
lethal. The goal of the present study was the identification of physiological functions impaired by
haploinsufficiency of PAM. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and body
temperature, functions requiring contributions from multiple amidated peptides, were selected for evaluation.
Based on serum T(4) and pituitary TSH-beta mRNA levels, mice heterozygous for PAM (PAM( +/-)) were
euthyroid at baseline. Feedback within the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis was impaired in PAM( +/-) mice
made hypothyroid using a low iodine/propylthiouracil diet. Despite their normal endocrine response to cold,
PAM( +/-) mice were unable to maintain body temperature as well as wild-type littermates when kept in a 4 C
environment. When provided with additional dietary copper, PAM(+/-) mice maintained body temperature as
well as wild-type mice. Pharmacological activation of vasoconstriction or shivering also allowed PAM( +/-) mice
to maintain body temperature. Cold-induced vasoconstriction was deficient in PAM(+/-) mice. This deficit was eliminated in PAM (+/-) mice receiving a diet
with supplemental copper hese results suggest that dietary deficiency of copper, coupled with genetic deficits in
PAM, could result in physiological deficits in humans..
Cerebral Spinal Fluid and Serum Ionized Magnesium and Calcium Levels in
Preeclamptic Women During Administration of Magnesium Sulfate
Apostol A, et al.
Fertil Seril; 2009 Mar 24; [Epub ahead of print].
To study the distribution of ionized and total magnesium (Mg) in serum and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in
preeclamptic women receiving MgSO(4) and how this treatment affects the ionized calcium (Ca(2+)) and ionized
Ca:Mg ratios compared with healthy nonpregnant women and pregnant control women (HP). DESIGN:
Controlled clinical study. An academic medical center. AfricanAmerican women older than 20 and less than 35
years. The pregnant preeclamptic study and pregnant control groups each consisted of 16 women; the
nonpregnant group consisted of 10 subjects. The preeclamptic women received a 6-g bolus of MgSO( 4) IV started
at least 4.5 hours before delivery during 15-20 minutes, then 2 g/h baseline. The CSF and serum levels of Ca(2+)
and Mg(2+) and total Mg were measured in all three groups of women. The Ca(2+): Mg(2+) ratios were
determined. Physiologic monitoring was done and recorded every 4 hours where appropriate. Bloods were drawn
every 6 hours for complete blood count, metabolic panel, lactate dehydrogenase, uric acid, and electrolytes.
Serum pH, total Mg, Apgar scores, and general health of the infants born to preeclamptic mothers given MgSO(4)
were followed. The HP showed a reduction in mean serum ionized and total Mg, increase in ionized Ca, and a
large increase in Ca(2+):Mg(2+) ratios compared with healthy nonpregnant women. Although the CSF ionized
and total Mg and Ca(2+):Mg(2+) ratios were not altered with MgSO(4) treatment in the preeclamptic women
receiving MgSO(4), the mean serum Mg values increased 3-fold. All infants were full-term, regardless of
MgSO(4) treatment, and normal with respect to birth weight, Apgar scores, blood pH, total Mg, and neurologic
scores. The data indicate that there is a direct relationship between the serum and CSF Ca(2+):Mg(2+) ratios in
HP and this ratio may be crucial in preventing vascular and neurologic complications in preeclampsia-eclampsia.
Magnesium Administration May Improve Heart Rate Variability in Patients with
Heart Failure
Almoznino-Sarafian D, et al.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (2009); doi:10.1016.
Intracellular magnesium (icMg) depletion may coexist with normomagnesemia. Mg deficiency (serum and/or
intracellular) and decreased heart rate variability (HRV) are common in heart failure (HF). Since both are
predictors of poor prognosis, it was of interest to evaluate the effect of Mg supplementation on HRV in patients
with HF. Methods and results: We investigated the effect of Mg administration on HRV in normomagnesemic
patients with systolic HF. HRV, serum Mg and icMg were determined before and after 5-week 300 mg/ day Mg
citrate treatment in 16 patients (group 1). The control group included 16 Mg-non-treated HF patients (group 2).
HRV was determined by a non-linear dynamics analysis, derived from the chaos theory, which calculates HRV-
correlation dimension (HRV-CD). After 5 weeks, serum Mg (mmol/l) increased more significantly in group 1
(from 0.78 ± 0.04 to 0.89 ± 0.06, P < 0.001), than in group 2 (from 0.79 ± 0.07 to 0.84 ± 0.06, P = 0.042).
IcMg and HRV-CD increased significantly only in group 1 (from 59 ± 7 to 66 ± 9 mmol/g cell protein, p =
0.025, and from 3.47 ± 0.42 to 3.94 ± 0.36, P < 0.001, respectively). In group 2, the differences in the
respective parameters were 63 ± 12 to 66 ± 9 mmol/g cell protein (p = 0.7) and 3.59 ± 0.42 to 3.55 ± 0.4 (p =
0.8). Mg administration to normomagnesemic patients with systolic HF increases serum Mg, icMg and HRV-CD.
Increasing of HRV by Mg supplementation may prove beneficial to HF patients.
The Effect of Lowering Blood Pressure by Magnesium Supplementation in
Diabetic Hypertensive Adults with Low Serum Magnesium Levels: a
Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial
Guerrero-Romero, et al.
J Human Hypertension (2009) 23; 245-251.
To test the blood pressure (BP)-lowering effect of oral magnesium supplementation (that is, magnesium chloride
(MgCl2) solution) in diabetic hypertensive adults with hypomagnesaemia not on diuretic treatment but receiving
concurrent captopril, we conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eighty-two subjects between 40 and
75 years of age were randomly enrolled. Over 4 months, subjects in the intervention group received 2.5 g of
MgCl2 (50 ml of a solution containing 50 g of MgCl2 per 1000 ml of solution) equivalent to 450 mg of elemental
magnesium, and control subjects inert placebo. The primary trial end point was a reduction in systolic (SBP) and
diastolic (DBP) blood pressure. Complete follow-up was achieved for 79 of the 82 randomized subjects. SBP (-
20.4±15.9 versus -4.7 ± 12.7 mm Hg, P=0.03) and DBP (-8.7±16.3 versus -1.2±12.6 mm Hg, P=0.02)
showed significant decreases, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (0.1±0.6 versus -0.1±0.7 mmol r1,
P=0.04) a significant increase in the magnesium group compared to the placebo group. The adjusted odds ratio
between serum magnesium and BP was 2.8 (95%CI: 1.4-6.9). Oral magnesium supplementation with MgCl2
significantly reduces SBP and DBP in diabetic hypertensive adults with hypomagnesaemia.
Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Body Weight Reduction in Overweight
Calcium Stone Formers
Menon VB, et al.
Urol Res; 2009 Mar 27; [Epub ahead of print]
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in overweight calcium stone-forming (CSF) patients, to
evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation associated with a calorie restricted diet on body weight (BW) and
fat reduction and its potential changes upon serum and urinary parameters. Fifteen patients were placed on a
hypocaloric diet for 3 months, supplemented with either calcium carbonate (CaCO(3), n = 8) or placebo (n = 7),
500 mg bid. Blood and 24-h urine samples were collected and body composition was assessed at baseline and after
the intervention. At the end of the study, final BW was significantly lower vs baseline in both CaCO(3) (74 +/-
14 vs.80 +/- 14 kg, P = 0.01) and placebo groups (80 +/- 10 vs. 87 +/- 9 kg, P = 0.02) but the mean
percentage of loss of body weight and body fat did not differ between CaCO(3) and placebo (7.0 +/- 2.0 vs. 8.0
+/- 3.0%, P = 0.40 and 13.0 +/- 7.0 vs. 13.0 +/- 10.0%; P = 0.81, respectively). After CaCO(3) or placebo,
no significant differences versus baseline were observed for urinary parameters in both CaCO(3) and placebo,
except for a higher mean urinary citrate in placebo group. These data suggest that increasing calcium intake by
calcium carbonate supplementation did not contribute to a further reduction of BW and fat in overweight CSF
patients submitted to a hypocaloric diet nor altered urinary lithogenic parameters.
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